Compound Monographs
Clinical monographs for peptides and supplements. Each entry covers indications and evidence, prescribing, safety, individual response modifiers, and a Practical Verdict. Every PMID was live-verified before publication.
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Peptides
14 peptides
§ PEPTIDE
moderateBPC-157
Body Protection Compound 157 · Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 · PL 14736
BPC-157 is a synthetic 15-amino-acid peptide derived from a protein found in human gastric juice. Developed in the 1990s at the University of Zagreb, Croatia, as a gastric cytoprotective agent. Uniquely stable in gastric acid — unlike most peptides, it survives stomach digestion.
§ PEPTIDE
moderateCerebrolysin
FPF1070 · EVER-Pharma Cerebrolysin · Porcine brain-derived neuropeptide preparation
Cerebrolysin is a porcine brain-derived neuropeptide preparation produced by Ever Neuro Pharma (Austria) since 1976. It is approximately 85% free amino acids and 15% low-molecular-weight peptides (<10 kDa), supplied as a sterile pre-mixed solution at 215.2 mg/mL of Cerebrolysin concentrate in glass ampoules (1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 30 mL sizes).
§ PEPTIDE
moderateGHK-Cu
Copper Peptide · Glycyl-L-Histidyl-L-Lysine Copper · Copper Tripeptide-1
GHK-Cu is a naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide (Gly-His-Lys + Cu²⁺) found in human plasma, released during tissue injury from extracellular matrix protein degradation. Plasma levels decline ~60% with aging (200 ng/mL age 20 → 80 ng/mL age 60), which correlates with reduced tissue repair capacity.
§ PEPTIDE
moderateGlutathione
GSH · L-Glutathione · Reduced Glutathione
Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant intracellular thiol and the principal non-enzymatic antioxidant in mammalian cells. It is a tripeptide (glutamate-cysteine-glycine) synthesized endogenously, with cysteine availability as the rate-limiting step.
§ PEPTIDE
lowKPV
Lys-Pro-Val · L-Lysyl-L-Prolyl-L-Valine · α-MSH(11-13)
KPV is a synthetic tripeptide (Lys-Pro-Val) — the C-terminal fragment of α-MSH (alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone).
§ PEPTIDE
low-moderateMelanotan II
MT-2 · MT-II · Melanotan 2
Melanotan II (MT-2) is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide analog of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), first synthesized at the University of Arizona in the late 1980s by Hruby and Hadley.
§ PEPTIDE
moderateMK-677 (Ibutamoren)
Ibutamoren · Ibutamoren Mesylate · MK-0677
MK-677 (ibutamoren mesylate) is a non-peptide, orally active growth hormone secretagogue that mimics ghrelin at the GHS-R1a receptor. Developed by Merck in the 1990s for GH deficiency, sarcopenia, osteoporosis, and age-related frailty.
§ PEPTIDE
preliminaryMOTS-c
Mitochondrial ORF of the 12S rRNA Type-c · MOTS-c Peptide
MOTS-c (Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA Type-c) is a 16-amino-acid mitochondrial-derived peptide discovered in 2015 by Lee et al. at the USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology (PMID: 25738459).
§ PEPTIDE
lowPP-405
PP405 · PP 405
PP-405 is a first-in-class topical small molecule that inhibits the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC), developed by Pelage Pharmaceuticals (UCLA spin-out).
§ PEPTIDE
moderate-strongRetatrutide
LY3437943 · Triple Agonist · GIP-GLP1-Glucagon Agonist
Retatrutide (LY3437943) is a synthetic peptide developed by Eli Lilly that simultaneously activates three metabolic receptors: GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon. It is the first triple agonist to reach Phase 3 clinical trials for obesity.
§ PEPTIDE
strongSemaglutide
Ozempic · Wegovy · Rybelsus
Semaglutide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist (glucagon-like peptide-1) with 94% structural homology to native human GLP-1, engineered for extended half-life (~7 days) via albumin binding and DPP-4 resistance.
§ PEPTIDE
moderateSermorelin
Sermorelin Acetate · GHRH(1-29)NH2 · GRF(1-29)NH2
Sermorelin is a synthetic 29-amino-acid peptide corresponding to the first 29 residues of endogenous growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH 1-44). It binds to GHRH receptors on anterior pituitary somatotroph cells, stimulating synthesis and pulsatile secretion of endogenous growth hormone (GH).
§ PEPTIDE
moderateTB-500
Thymosin Beta-4 · Tβ4 · TMSB4X
TB-500 is the commercially available synthetic form of Thymosin Beta-4 (Tβ4), a naturally occurring 43-amino acid peptide encoded by the TMSB4X gene on the X chromosome. Tβ4 is ubiquitously expressed in nearly all tissues except erythrocytes, with highest concentrations in platelets and wound fluid.
§ PEPTIDE
strongTirzepatide
Mounjaro · Zepbound · LY3298176
Tirzepatide is a once-weekly subcutaneous synthetic peptide (39 amino acids) engineered as a dual agonist of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor and the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor.
Supplements
56 supplements
§ SUPPLEMENT
preliminaryAgmatine
Agmatine Sulfate · Decarboxylated Arginine · 4-(aminobutyl)guanidine
Agmatine is decarboxylated L-arginine, an endogenous neuromodulator produced in small amounts by human tissues and by gut microbiota.
§ SUPPLEMENT
preliminaryApigenin
4',5,7-trihydroxyflavone · chamomile flavone · celery flavone
Apigenin is the predominant flavone in parsley, celery, and chamomile, and the signature bioactive in Matricaria recutita. It rose to supplement-industry prominence via two narratives: (1) GABA-A benzodiazepine-site modulation underlying chamomile's mild anxiolytic/sedative effects, and (2) CD38 inhibition → NAD+ preservation → SIRT1/SIRT3 activation as an "anti-aging" mechanism.
§ SUPPLEMENT
moderate-strongAstaxanthin
AST · AXT · 3,3'-Dihydroxy-beta-carotene-4,4'-dione
Astaxanthin is a keto-carotenoid produced by the microalga Haematococcus pluvialis. Humans cannot synthesize it; dietary sources include salmon, shrimp, and krill.
§ SUPPLEMENT
moderateBiotin
Vitamin B7 · Vitamin H · Coenzyme R
Biotin (vitamin B7) is a water-soluble B-vitamin that serves as an essential cofactor for four carboxylases involved in fatty acid synthesis, gluconeogenesis, and amino acid catabolism. It is one of the most overhyped supplements on the market — massively promoted for hair growth despite zero RCT evidence in non-deficient individuals.
§ SUPPLEMENT
moderate-strongBlack Cumin
Nigella sativa · Black Seed · Kalonji
Black cumin (Nigella sativa) is a Ranunculaceae-family seed whose principal bioactive, thymoquinone (TQ), drives broad anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and metabolic effects.
§ SUPPLEMENT
lowBlack Walnut
Juglans nigra · Eastern Black Walnut · American Black Walnut
Black walnut hull (from Juglans nigra, native to eastern North America) is primarily used in traditional and integrative medicine as an antiparasitic and antimicrobial agent. The active compound juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) generates reactive oxygen species via redox cycling, disrupting microbial membranes and energy metabolism.
§ SUPPLEMENT
lowBlackstrap Molasses
Blackstrap · Final Molasses · Third Molasses
Blackstrap molasses is the concentrated syrup from the third boiling of sugarcane juice — the final byproduct of sugar refining. It retains the minerals stripped during crystallization: Iron (3.6 mg/tbsp, 20% RDA), Potassium (293 mg), Magnesium (48 mg), Calcium (41 mg), Copper (0.1 mg), and manganese (0.5 mg).
§ SUPPLEMENT
moderateBoron
Calcium Fructoborate · Sodium Borate · Boron Glycinate
Boron is a trace metalloid (atomic number 5) obtained entirely from diet — fruits, nuts, legumes, wine. The body does not synthesize it. After ingestion, all forms hydrolyze to boric acid (H₃BO₃), which is absorbed at 85–90% via passive diffusion and excreted renally (>90%).
§ SUPPLEMENT
strongCalcium
Ca · Calcium Supplement · Elemental Calcium
Calcium is the body's most abundant mineral — 99% stored in bones and teeth as hydroxyapatite, 1% in blood and soft tissues tightly regulated at 8.5–10.5 mg/dL. It serves structural (bone mineralization), signaling (intracellular second messenger), neuromuscular (muscle contraction, nerve transmission), and hemostatic (coagulation cascade cofactor) roles.
§ SUPPLEMENT
strongCholine
Choline Bitartrate · CDP-Choline · Citicoline
Choline is a conditionally essential nutrient required for cell membrane synthesis (phosphatidylcholine), neurotransmitter production (acetylcholine), lipid transport (VLDL assembly), and methyl group donation (one-carbon metabolism via betaine).
§ SUPPLEMENT
strongCoenzyme Q10
CoQ10 · Ubiquinone · Ubiquinol
Coenzyme Q10 is a lipophilic benzoquinone that functions as an electron carrier in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (Complex I/II → Complex III) and as a potent lipid-soluble antioxidant. It exists in two interconvertible forms: ubiquinone (oxidized) and ubiquinol (reduced, active antioxidant).
§ SUPPLEMENT
moderate-strongCollagen Peptides
Hydrolyzed Collagen · Collagen Hydrolysate · Marine Collagen
Collagen is the most abundant protein in mammals (~30% of total body protein), providing structural integrity to skin, bone, cartilage, tendons, and blood vessels.
§ SUPPLEMENT
strongCopper
Copper Gluconate · Copper Bisglycinate · Copper Sulfate
Copper is an essential trace mineral required as a cofactor for >20 cuproenzymes governing iron metabolism (ceruloplasmin), antioxidant defense (Cu/Zn-SOD1), mitochondrial energy production (cytochrome c oxidase), connective tissue integrity (lysyl oxidase), neurotransmitter synthesis (dopamine β-hydroxylase), melanin production (tyrosinase), and immune function.
§ SUPPLEMENT
strongCreatine Monohydrate
Creatine · Methylguanidine-Acetic Acid · N-Aminoiminomethyl-N-Methylglycine
Creatine monohydrate is the most extensively studied dietary supplement in history, with 500+ RCTs spanning 30+ years and a safety record matched by few compounds. It is a naturally occurring amino acid derivative (synthesized from arginine, glycine, and methionine) that functions as the body's primary rapid energy buffer via the phosphocreatine/creatine kinase system.
§ SUPPLEMENT
strongFinasteride
Propecia · Proscar · MK-906
Finasteride is a selective Type II 5α-reductase inhibitor. It blocks conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in androgen-dependent tissues (scalp, prostate), sparing the Type I isoform that dominates liver, skin, and CNS.
§ SUPPLEMENT
lowFo-Ti
He Shou Wu · Polygonum multiflorum · Fallopia multiflora
Polygonum multiflorum (Fo-Ti / He Shou Wu) is a TCM botanical from the Polygonaceae family with a complex phytochemistry centered on stilbene glycosides (primarily 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside, TSG) and anthraquinones (emodin, physcion, rhein).
§ SUPPLEMENT
strongFolate
Folic Acid · Vitamin B9 · 5-MTHF
Folate is a water-soluble B-vitamin essential for one-carbon metabolism, DNA synthesis, and methylation reactions. Humans cannot synthesize it — dietary or supplemental intake is required. The strongest evidence in all of nutritional science supports periconceptional folate supplementation for neural tube defect (NTD) prevention (70% reduction, NNT=35).
§ SUPPLEMENT
moderate-strongGlycine
L-Glycine · Aminoacetic Acid · Glycocoll
Glycine is the simplest amino acid and one of the most metabolically versatile molecules in human physiology. It serves as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, NMDA receptor co-agonist, structural component of collagen (~33% of collagen amino acids), precursor to glutathione (the body's master antioxidant), substrate for creatine and heme synthesis, and participant in one-carbon metabolism.
§ SUPPLEMENT
lowHonokiol
HNK · 2-(4-hydroxy-3-prop-2-enylphenyl)-4-prop-2-enylphenol · Magnolia Bark Extract (active constituent)
Honokiol is a biphenolic neolignan from Magnolia officinalis bark with centuries of use in traditional Chinese (houpu) and Japanese (koboku) medicine for anxiety, insomnia, and digestive complaints. Its two most compelling pharmacological properties are GABA-A receptor positive allosteric modulation (anxiolytic/hypnotic) and SIRT3 activation (emerging master mechanism across organ systems).
§ SUPPLEMENT
strongIron
Fe · Ferrous Sulfate · Ferrous Bisglycinate
Iron (Fe) is the world's most common nutrient deficiency, affecting ~2 billion people globally (PMID 40263631, Nature Medicine 2025). The human body contains 3-5g of iron distributed across hemoglobin (65-70%), myoglobin (10%), enzymes (5%), and storage as ferritin/hemosiderin (20-30%).
§ SUPPLEMENT
moderateL-Arginine
Arginine · Arg · L-Arg
L-Arginine is a conditionally essential amino acid and the substrate for nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Oral supplementation modestly raises plasma arginine, but ~40% first-pass arginase extraction in gut and liver means plasma arginine rises are smaller and shorter than equimolar L-citrulline (which bypasses arginase).
§ SUPPLEMENT
moderate-strongL-Theanine
Theanine · gamma-glutamylethylamide · N-Ethyl-L-glutamine
L-Theanine (gamma-glutamylethylamide) is a non-proteinogenic amino acid found in tea leaves (Camellia sinensis, 1-3% dry weight) and certain mushrooms (Boletus badius). Not synthesized endogenously in humans.
§ SUPPLEMENT
strongLactobacillus reuteri
L. reuteri · Limosilactobacillus reuteri · L. reuteri DSM 17938
Limosilactobacillus reuteri (formerly Lactobacillus reuteri) is a gram-positive, heterofermentative bacterium that naturally colonizes the human GI tract, oral cavity, and urogenital system. It is the most clinically studied single-strain probiotic, with 258 registered clinical trials and 148 completed.
§ SUPPLEMENT
moderate-strongLion's Mane
Hericium erinaceus · Yamabushitake · EAHE
Lion's Mane (Hericium erinaceus) is a medicinal and culinary mushroom producing two classes of neuroactive compounds: erinacines (from mycelia, cross BBB, stimulate NGF synthesis) and hericenones (from fruiting bodies, stimulate NGF peripherally).
§ SUPPLEMENT
moderateLuteolin
3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone · Luteoline · Digitoflavone
Luteolin (3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone) is a flavone found in celery, parsley, chamomile, artichoke, and green peppers. It is one of the most extensively studied dietary flavonoids, with 492+ publications in 2024-2026 alone and a rich preclinical evidence base spanning anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, metabolic, and immunomodulatory pathways.
§ SUPPLEMENT
moderateMaca
Lepidium meyenii · Lepidium peruvianum · Peruvian ginseng
Maca (Lepidium meyenii) is a Peruvian cruciferous root vegetable cultivated above 4,000 m in the Andes for ~2,000 years, consumed traditionally as both food and fertility aid. It is classified as an adaptogen in the supplement market.
§ SUPPLEMENT
strongMagnesium
Mg · Mg2+ · Elemental Magnesium
Magnesium is the fourth most abundant mineral in the body and a cofactor in 600+ enzymatic reactions including ATP synthesis, protein synthesis, neurotransmitter regulation, and blood pressure control.
§ SUPPLEMENT
strongMelatonin
N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine · MLT · Circadin (prolonged-release 2 mg)
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is an endogenous neurohormone synthesized from Tryptophan via Serotonin in the pineal gland, serving as the body's primary darkness signal and circadian phase marker.
§ SUPPLEMENT
mixedMethylene Blue
Methylene Blue · Methylthioninium Chloride · MB
Methylene blue (methylthioninium chloride, MB) is a phenothiazine-derived redox-cycling cation first synthesized in 1876 by Heinrich Caro and used as a textile dye, biological stain, and antimalarial.
§ SUPPLEMENT
moderateMilk Thistle
Silymarin · Silybin · Silibinin
Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) produces silymarin, a mixture of flavonolignans dominated by silybin (50-70%). It has been used for liver conditions for over 2,000 years and is one of the most studied herbal supplements globally.
§ SUPPLEMENT
strongMinoxidil
Rogaine · Loniten · Regaine
Minoxidil is a vascular potassium-channel (Kir6.1/SUR2B) opener originally approved for severe refractory hypertension (1979, Loniten). Repurposed for androgenetic alopecia after clinical observation of hypertrichosis in hypertensive patients, topical 2% and 5% became FDA-approved OTC in the late 1980s–1990s.
§ SUPPLEMENT
moderateMoringa Oleifera
Moringa · Drumstick Tree · Miracle Tree
Moringa Oleifera (Moringa oleifera Lam., family Moringaceae) is a fast-growing tropical tree native to the Himalayan foothills, now cultivated worldwide.
§ SUPPLEMENT
strongN-Acetylcysteine
NAC · Acetylcysteine · N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine
N-Acetylcysteine is the acetylated derivative of the amino acid Cysteine, serving as the most clinically validated precursor for Glutathione (GSH) synthesis. The acetyl group enhances oral stability while preserving the free thiol (-SH) group responsible for its antioxidant, mucolytic, and glutamate-modulating activities.
§ SUPPLEMENT
moderate-strongNAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)
NAD+ · Coenzyme 1 · Diphosphopyridine Nucleotide
NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is an essential coenzyme present in every living cell, serving as an electron carrier in >500 enzymatic reactions and a substrate for sirtuins (SIRT1-7), PARPs (DNA repair enzymes), and CD38 (immune signaling).
§ SUPPLEMENT
moderate-strongNicotinamide Mononucleotide
NMN · β-NMN · Beta-Nicotinamide Mononucleotide
NMN is a nucleotide precursor to NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) in the salvage pathway. NAD+ declines 30-50% by age 50-60 due to reduced NAMPT enzyme activity, impairing mitochondrial function, DNA repair, sirtuin signaling, and circadian rhythm regulation.
§ SUPPLEMENT
strongOmega-3 Fatty Acids (EPA/DHA)
EPA · DHA · Fish Oil
Omega-3 fatty acids — primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) — are essential polyunsaturated fats that humans cannot synthesize de novo.
§ SUPPLEMENT
lowPABA (Para-Aminobenzoic Acid)
Vitamin B10 · PABA · para-aminobenzoic acid
PABA is a naturally occurring aromatic amino acid and a precursor to folic acid — but only in bacteria and plants, not in humans. We lack the enzyme (dihydropteroate synthase) needed to incorporate PABA into folate.
§ SUPPLEMENT
strongPsyllium
Ispaghula · Ispaghula husk · Plantago ovata husk
Psyllium is the husk of Plantago ovata seed — a soluble, gel-forming, minimally fermentable fiber.
§ SUPPLEMENT
moderateSaw Palmetto
Serenoa repens · Sabal serrulata · Serenoa serrulata
Saw palmetto is the lipido-sterolic extract of Serenoa repens berries (Florida dwarf palm). It contains 85–95% free fatty acids (lauric, oleic, myristic, linoleic, palmitic) plus β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, and flavonoids.
§ SUPPLEMENT
moderateShilajit
Mumijo · Mumie · Moomiyo
Shilajit is a humic-substance exudate from Himalayan, Altai, Caucasus, Hindu Kush, and Andean rock formations — a heterogeneous phytocomplex of fulvic acid (60-80%), humic acid (15-20%), dibenzo-α-pyrones (DBPs), trace minerals (85+ elements), phenolic compounds, and triterpenes.
§ SUPPLEMENT
moderateSpermidine
N-(3-Aminopropyl)-1,4-butanediamine · SPD · Polyamine-Spermidine
Spermidine is a naturally occurring polyamine central to cellular autophagy, eIF5A hypusination, and mitochondrial quality control. Endogenous synthesis declines 30-50% with age. It is the "downstream executor" of fasting and rapamycin-induced autophagy — Hofer 2024 (PMIDs 39117797, 39212197) showed both caloric restriction and rapamycin REQUIRE endogenous spermidine for their autophagy effects.
§ SUPPLEMENT
moderate-strongSpirulina
Arthrospira platensis · Arthrospira maxima · Spirulina platensis
Spirulina is a filamentous cyanobacterium (blue-green microalgae) cultivated commercially as Arthrospira platensis or Arthrospira maxima. Dried biomass contains ~60–70% protein, 10–20% Phycocyanin (a blue photosynthetic pigment), 0.8–1.4% gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), carotenoids, and trace minerals.
§ SUPPLEMENT
moderateSulforaphane
SFN · 1-Isothiocyanato-4-methylsulfinylbutane · 4-Methylsulfinylbutyl-isothiocyanate
Sulforaphane is an isothiocyanate produced when the enzyme myrosinase hydrolyzes glucoraphanin in cruciferous vegetables (broccoli sprouts = highest concentration, ~10-100x mature broccoli weight-for-weight).
§ SUPPLEMENT
preliminarySuperoxide Dismutase (SOD)
SOD · GliSODin · Extramel
Superoxide dismutase is the enzyme family (Cu/Zn-SOD1 cytosol, MnSOD2 mitochondria, EC-SOD3 extracellular) that catalyzes dismutation of superoxide radical into hydrogen peroxide and oxygen. It is the front-line antioxidant defense and a critical determinant of mitochondrial redox balance.
§ SUPPLEMENT
moderate-strongTaurine
L-Taurine · 2-Aminoethanesulfonic Acid · Tau
Conditionally essential sulfur-containing amino acid. Synthesized endogenously from cysteine/methionine via CDO1 + CSAD (Vitamin-B6 cofactor), with vegetarian/vegan plasma levels 20–30% lower than omnivores.
§ SUPPLEMENT
moderateTongkat Ali
Eurycoma longifolia · Long Jack · Malaysian Ginseng
Tongkat Ali is a Southeast Asian herbal extract marketed as a natural testosterone booster.
§ SUPPLEMENT
moderateUrolithin A
UA · Mitopure · 3,8-Dihydroxy-urolithin
Urolithin A (UA) activates PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy — the selective clearance of damaged mitochondria — and stimulates PGC-1α-driven mitochondrial biogenesis. In adults ≥65 with muscle weakness, 1000 mg/day for 4 months improved 6-minute walk distance by 17% (p=0.005) vs placebo [PMID 35050355].
§ SUPPLEMENT
strongVitamin A
retinol · retinyl palmitate · retinyl acetate
Vitamin A is an essential fat-soluble vitamin existing in two supplement-relevant forms: preformed retinoids (retinol, retinyl palmitate, retinyl acetate — from animal sources, direct bioactive) and provitamin A carotenoids (β-carotene, α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin — from plants, enzymatically converted by BCO1/BCMO1 at variable efficiency).
§ SUPPLEMENT
strongVitamin B1 (Thiamine)
Thiamine · Thiamin · Aneurine
Thiamine is an essential water-soluble vitamin whose active form (thiamine pyrophosphate, TPP) serves as a coenzyme for pyruvate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, transketolase, and branched-chain α-KGDH.
§ SUPPLEMENT
strongVitamin B12
Cobalamin · Cyanocobalamin · Methylcobalamin
Cobalamin is a cobalt-centered corrinoid vitamin required for DNA synthesis (via methionine synthase → tetrahydrofolate regeneration) and mitochondrial succinyl-CoA production (via methylmalonyl-CoA mutase).
§ SUPPLEMENT
strongVitamin B3
Niacin · Nicotinic Acid · Nicotinamide
Vitamin B3 is a family of four clinically distinct compounds that share one destination (NAD+/NADP+) but diverge in pharmacology, safety, and indication: - Niacin (nicotinic acid) — GPR109A agonist; causes cutaneous flushing; historically used for dyslipidemia but definitively abandoned after HPS2-THRIVE (2014) and Cochrane 2017 showed no cardiovascular benefit.
§ SUPPLEMENT
strongVitamin C
Ascorbic Acid · L-Ascorbic Acid · Ascorbate
Vitamin C is a water-soluble essential nutrient. Humans lost L-gulonolactone oxidase ~60 million years ago, making dietary intake mandatory. It is an electron-donor cofactor for prolyl/lysyl hydroxylases (collagen), dopamine-β-hydroxylase (norepinephrine), γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (carnitine), HIF-prolyl hydroxylases (hypoxia response), and TET dioxygenases (5hmC DNA demethylation).
§ SUPPLEMENT
strongVitamin D3
Cholecalciferol · Vitamin D · D3
Vitamin D3 is a fat-soluble secosteroid hormone synthesized in skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol via UVB, then 25-hydroxylated in liver (→ 25-OHD) and 1α-hydroxylated in kidney (→ 1,25-(OH)₂D, the active form).
§ SUPPLEMENT
moderate-strongVitamin K
Phylloquinone · Vitamin K1 · Menaquinone
Vitamin K is an obligate cofactor for γ-glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX), which adds γ-carboxyl groups to glutamate residues in vitamin K-dependent proteins (VKDPs): clotting factors II/VII/IX/X and protein C/S/Z (hepatic), osteocalcin and matrix-Gla-protein (MGP) (extrahepatic), plus Gas6, Gla-rich protein, and periostin.
§ SUPPLEMENT
lowWheatgrass
Triticum aestivum young grass · Wheatgrass juice · WGJ
Young wheat shoot (leaf stage, pre-grain) consumed as fresh juice, frozen juice, spray-dried or freeze-dried powder, or compressed tablets. Chlorophyll-rich (500–700 mg/100 g fresh); variable polyphenol content (apigenin, quercetin, caffeic acid, ellagic acid, catechin, coumarin, esculetin); non-heme iron, vitamin K, β-carotene, ascorbate in concentrated plant-food range.
§ SUPPLEMENT
strongZinc
Zn · Zinc-Gluconate · Zinc-Picolinate
Zinc is an essential trace mineral with the widest documented biological scope of any supplement in this library — cofactor for 300+ metalloenzymes, structural element in 2000+ zinc-finger transcription factors, essential for thymulin-driven T-cell maturation, and central to wound healing, growth, and gustation.